Prepositions (předložky)

1/ Of movement- to drive towards the mountains
2/ Of position and place- it is on top of the fridge
3/ Purpose (účelu)- he did everything for her, to commit crimes for money
- × he was sent to prison for stealing- není účel
4/ They cancelled the match because of the rain, he didn´t arrrive due to an illness, he stole from hunger, she married for love (z lásky), I said that out of pity/ sympathy, I went there out of curiosity ( ze zvědavosti),
- !!! Picasso died of flu. – zemřít na nemoc+of old age × to die from starvation (vyhladovění)
5/ Of origin (původu)- he comes from France
6/ Of instrument- he opened the can with a knife
- !!! He was hit with a branch = someone hit him with a branch
- by a branch = a branch hit him

COMMON PROBLEMS

Arrive – není slovesem pohybu

You arrive – in cities and countries, but

– at places

They arrived in Prague / at the airport …

Leave – for

He left for Prague. Odjel do Prahy.
He left Olomouc for Prague. Odjel z Olomouce do Prahy.

Get on / off

a bus / train / tram / bike / horse / motorbike

Get into / out of

a car / lorry / taxi / small boats / private planes

We went by train / car / bus … bez členu

We went in a taxi / his car / in (on) the next train… pokud potřebujeme říct člen, zájmeno, př.jméno

Some prepositions = adverbs

Sit behind me( sedni si za mě). × Sit behind (sedni si dozadu).
Wait outside the cinema (počkej před kinem) × Wait outside ( počkej venku).

Prepositions at the end of a sentence

Who are you waiting for?
I don´t have a chair to sit on.

He sits next / beside Paula. (vedle)

He sits by the exit / at the table.

By the sea = very close × Near the sea = perhaps 5 km

Above × below

– co je níž × výš – představa svislého pohybu

above the freezing point ( zero)
above the sea level, below average
the clouds above our heads
the village below the hill

Over × under

– closeness, touching, covering

Hold the umbrella over my head. ( = kvůli nějakému účelu – abychom se schovali před děštěm)
a dog under the table – aby se schoval
put the blanket over you
there is a cloud over the south of Europe
The plane flew over Denmark.

At – in – on

at a point – at the North Pole
in = inside ( three dimensions) – in the room
on – position an a surface, on a line – on the table, on the wall, a place on the river

At × in

– we spent the weekend at the cottage = mushrooming, repairing…, we think of activity going on there

in the cottage = it rained

Yesterday I was at the theatre. ( dívala jsem se na představení)
300 seats in the cinema. ( v budově, představa 3D )
We met at / in the cinema.
- along / up / down the street
- turn left into Smetana Street
- through – the forest (představa prodírání se)
- off – cut a piece off a loaf, fall off a bike
- in front of a mirror
- before- A comes before B × Right before my eyes ( idiom)

Time

-during × in – We met in the summer. (jednorázově)

– His health improved during the summer.( trvání)

-for × since – It has been raining for a week. How long are you here for? → FOR + period of t.

– It has been raining since Monday. → SINCE + a point of time

– from × since – She played the piano from the age of 5.

– She has played the piano since the age of 5.

our lesson lasts till 12 (něco trvá)
hand in your essays by Monday (lhůta)
3 days ago × 3 days before Christmas

-Everybody came except (for) you / apart from you. = but you didn´t – vyjma

What language do you study besides English / apart from English? – vedle angličtiny

= apart from – univerzální

a book by Grahame Green
in my opinion – podle mého názoru, from my point of view- u mého hlediska
for this reason- z tohoto důvodu
in pencil- tužkou × don´t write with this pencil
talk in a loud voice / in a whisper
on the phone, on the radio, on (the) TV
by my watch- podle mých hodinek
a cell in the prison × she is in prison
the face in the picture × the dust on the picture
in(to) + throw, fall, jump, dive, put
at a concert, at the theatre
a place on the map, on the wall, on the floor
by tram / in our car / on the next bus / in his boat
a plane above the mountains
temperatures below zero
at height above the sea level
she left for New York
wait till Christmas
a performance below average
at the age of 5 / in his teens, thirties
a blow below the belt( rána pod pás)
he climbed onto the roof
she swam across the river
she walked over the bridge
along / up / down the street
despite / inspite of / regardless of her cold
I couldn´t see him through the smoke
come home by ten
open it with the knife
an exam in English

Prepositions (předložky)