Pronouns (zájmena)

1/ PERSONAL

• Give me a book. /  Give the book to me.
• Buy me a book.  /  Buy the book to me.
• Explain it to me. /  Explain the excercise to me.

2/ INTERROGATIVE (TÁZACÍ)

• Whose is this umbrella?  /   Whose umbrella is this?

3/ REFLEXIVE

• Emphasizing: Look at yourself in the mirror. The Queen herself danced with him.

4/DEMONSTRATIVE

• this → these, that → those

5/ POSSESIVE

• one of my friends = a friend of mine / my farther´s
• that boy of yours
• my father´s car ´=  NELZE  (A has B- vlastnictví)
• the Queen´s speech = the speech of the Queen

6/ INDEFINITE

• any, some, neither, either, every, each…
• many, much, few, all, both

QUANTIFIERS

ALL

• all (of) my friends like hiking
• My friends all like hiking. = all- before a full meaning verb
• All of them are tired. They are all tired.  =  all- after an auxiliary (pomocné) verb
• = za pomocné, před významové !!!
  • Pl. All Mondays are terrible.
  • Sg. Every Monday is terrible.

ALL – EVERYTHING

• all you need is love
• That´s all.
• He knows all about it. He knows everything.

NO

• 1: There aren´t any plates left.  – neutrální věta
• 2: There are no plates left.        – zdůraznění
• Idioms: There were no less than a hundred people. – neméně
• I am no better at maths than you.
• I tried hard. But it was no good. – marné
• There is no point in asking her for help. – nemá smysl
• It´s no use crying. – nemá smysl

EVERY x EACH

EVERY

• every day- opakování– every two hours, every Monday
• every- refers to three or more items
• we want every child to succeed  = generalizes, puts people into a group

EACH

• each will find it´s own road to success
• „each“- separates, we think of people doing things differently

– refers to two or more people

• Every (Each) time i see you. – no real difference
• My two brothers have each acted in a play.
• At the first night they each forgot their lines.
• I gave each child (sg.) an apple.
• I gave the children each (pl.) an apple. / I gave the children an apple each.

EITHER

• I didn´t like either of the films. = refers to 2 items ( any- větší počet)

–  = I didn´t like either film.

NEITHER

• Neither of the films was any good. – nestál za nic
• Neither film            was any good.

A:                             B:

I´m thirsty.               So am I. / I´m thirsty, too.

I´m not hungry.        Neither (Nor) am I.

I´m not hungry.        I´m not hungry either.

• EITHER  –  OR (BUĎ – NEBO)
  • Either she writes or phones.
  • Either she or he are home.
• NEITHER   –   NOR ( ANI- ANI)
  • I neither drink nor smoke.

NONE  =  no one

• None of the phones works.

BOTH

• 1: Both cats are asleep.
• 2: Both the cats are asleep.                 Všechny 3 varianty správně!!!
• 3: Both of the cats are asleep.
• The cats are both asleep.
• She plays both the guitar and the piano. She both plays and sings.

MANY (Countable)   –   MUCH (Uncountable)

• many / much- only in questions and negatives: We don´t have much homework for Monday.
• do oznamovací věty kladné se nepoužívá  many = She´s got a lot of work.
• many použijeme pokud je ve větě TOO, AS, SO, VERY

FEW (C)  – LITTLE (U)

• His theory is difficult,    few people understand it. = pouze málo lidí tomu rozumí L
• His theory is difficult, a few people understand it. = alespoň někdo tomu rozumí☺
• She has    little interest in languages. L
• She has a little interest in languages. J

THERE IS  / THERE ARE

• Na stole je knížka. -There is a book on the table. / On the table there is a book.
• Knížka je na stole. –The book is on the table.
• There are books on the table.
• There were a lot of problems discussed (+ participle) at the meeting. A lot of problems were discussed.
• A lot of people were standing on the tram. There were a lot of people standing.(+present participle)
• There is / there are- this phrase speaks about the existence of something : Once upon a time, there was a king.
• Idioms:  There is no use trying / no point in trying.
• other verbs: live, exist, remain(zbývat), come, enter, arise, follow

= Once upon a time, there lived a king.

= There entered a strange figure.

= There followed long applause.

• There is nothing to do. = I´m bored.
• There´s nothing to be done. = No way of putting it right. ( nedá se to napravit.)
• There remains nothing to be done.
• There are problems. I don´t want that. = I dont´t want there to be problems.
• She is unhappy. I don´want that. = I don´t want her to be unhappy.

IT

• a/„it“ refers to something mentioned before – Look at the house. It´s old.
• b/ grammatical subjects: talking about TIME, WEATHER, TEMPERATURE
  • It´s time to go. It is raining. Every day it gets cooler.

• c/ preparatory (přípravný) subject – It would be pity to miss the film← nezačínáme hned hlavní myšlenkou
  • (It is) nice to meet you. It was pleasant to sit in the shade.

• d/ „cleft“ sentences (zdůrazňovací konstrukce) = giving special importance to one part of the sentence
  • It was Harry who/ that told the police. Policistům to řekl Harry.
  • It was the neighbours who/ that told the police. (jed.číslo!!!)
  • It was yesterday that they told the police.
  •  It is you who/ that  I rely on. (who/ that nesmíme vynechat)

ONE

a/ a general subject

• You should always give yourself plenty of time to pack.
• One should always give oneself plenty of time to pack.

b/ one- another

• John and David hate each other/ one another.
• in general statements: ONE ANOTHER should be preferred: People should help one another

c/ „one“ is used to replace nouns

• I´d like an apple. Which one? The green one.
• I´d like a pound of apples.(C) Which ones? The red ones.
  • If you don´t have fresh milk (U), take tinned.=>NEPOČÍTATELNÉ=NEMŮŽEME POUŽÍT ONE => YOU CAN´T USE ONE TO REPLACE UNCOUNTABLES

SOME

• in affirmative statements (oznam.klad.věta):
  • Take some warm clothes. (PL.C.)
  • Have some milk. (U)
• some in questions:
  • offers: Would you like some wine?
  • request: Could someone open the door for me?

ANY

• in questions: Are there any questions?
• in negatives: There aren´t any.
• really negative: We got there without any trouble.
• ANY + COMPARATIVE:Is she any better now? (už)
  • I don´t want to stay there any longer. (už ne)

• IN A FORMATIVE SENTENCE : Think of a number. Any number you like. = no matter which

Koncovka EVER

• Whatever I do is wrong. = no matter I do is wrong
• No matter who (= whoever) comes tell them to wait.  = PL. – ne tell him!!!
• Whatever are you doing? = surprise
• What on earth are you doing? = proboha…
• Why ever didn´t you tell you were coming?

Talking about PAINS, BLOWS etc. and PARTS OF THE BODY after prepositions:

• Rajče ho zasáhlo do oka. The tomato hit his eye. The tomato him him in the eye. – NE in his eye!!!
• She had a parrot on HER shoulder.
• She had a pain in THE shoulder.

OTHER / ANOTHER

• I like this apple. I´d like another. = one more – další, přidáváme
• I don´t like this blouse. I need another. = a different one – jinou
• There are two blouses in the shop window. One is blue and the other is green.
• PL. Some people smoke other people don´t . = JINÍ, ODLIŠNÍ, JINÉHO ZALOŽENÍ
  • Dark colours don´t suit you, you need other.
  • Some people smoke others don´t. = OSTATNÍ, NE JINÍ!!!
  • Well, you are here, but where are the other students?
  • the others = OSTATNÍ